Mites occurrence on Pachira aquatica Aubl. including aspects of external mouthpart morphology of Brachytydeus formosa (Acari: Tydeidae) / Ocorrência de ácaros em Paquira aquatica Aubl. incluindo aspectos morfológicos do aparato bucal de Brachytydeus formosa (Acari: Tydeidae)

Abstract Pachira aquatica Aubl. is commonly used as an ornamental plant in urban areas of Brazil. The objective of the study was to investigate the occurrence of mites on P. aquatica, with emphasis on Brachytydeus formosa (Cooreman), and to describe aspects the external features of its mouthpart. The study was conducted in 2012 in Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Ten trees of P. aquatica were selected for the experiment. Approximately 130 leaflets were collected from each tree, which were located in different quadrants (north, south, east, and west) and strata (upper, middle, and lower). The leaflets were placed in paper bags and transported to the laboratory. The mites were prepared on optical microscope slides. A total of eleven species of mites were found, belonging to eight different families. The species and genera of the organisms included B. formosa, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor), Agistemus sp., Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), Brevipalpus sp., Cheletogenes sp., Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, Euseius sp., Neoseiulus sp., and only one specimen from the Bdellidae family. The predominant species was B. formosa, with 8,142 mites equally distributed among the four quadrants and mostly in the middle and upper strata of the plant. B. formosa mites from leaflets of P. aquatica were separated for the study of the external mouthpart morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Resumo Pachira aquatica Aubl. é frequentemente utilizada como planta ornamental em áreas urbanas no Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho foi conhecer os ácaros associados a P. aquatica com ênfase em Brachytydeus formosa (Cooreman), bem como descrever alguns aspectos morfológicos do seu aparato bucal. O estudo foi realizado em 2012, em Jaboticabal, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram selecionadas dez árvores de P. aquatica para realização do experimento. Cerca de 130 folíolos foram coletados de cada árvore localizados em diferentes quadrantes (norte, sul, leste e oeste) e estratos (superior, médio e inferior). Os folíolos foram colocados em sacos de papel e transportados para o laboratório. Os ácaros foram preparados em lâminas de microscopia óptica. No total foram encontradas onze espécies de ácaros, pertencentes a oito famílias. As espécies encontradas foram B. formosa, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor), Agistemus sp., Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), Brevipalpus sp., Cheletogenes sp., Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, Euseius sp., Neoseiulus sp., e apenas um exemplar da família Bdellidae. A espécie predominante foi B. formosa, com 8.142 ácaros igualmente distribuídos nos quatro quadrantes e principalmente nos estratos médio e superior da planta. Ácaros de B. formosa dos folíolos de P. aquatica foram separados para o estudo da morfologia externa do aparato bucal utilizando-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM).

Anatomy of the mouth of the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) / Anatomía de la boca de la jirafa (giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi)

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is both the largest extant ruminant and a strict browser. We dissect and describe the macroscopic anatomy of the mouth of the giraffe. The heads of two adult giraffes and one fetus were used in this study. The lips were well developed, the upper one was predominant and dorsally flattened near the nostrils. The tongue had a lift or lingual torus and rostrally to it a groove-shaped depression or fossa linguae. There was no adipose body of cheek (Corpus adiposum buccae). The hard palate in the giraffe had 18 Rugae palatinae. The final roughness reaches the caudal border of the premolar 3. Caudal ridges had no papillae. The parotid gland was small and consisted of two lobes, one rostral and one caudal to be separated dorsally to accommodate the parotid lymph node. The parotid duct followed the same way as in the cow, ended in front of the upper premolar tooth 2 in the parotid papilla, (not evident at mucosal surface). Mandibular gland was divided into two lobes, the rostral one placed in the intermandibular space and the caudal hidden by the parotid gland. Giraffes have the monostomatic and polistomatic sublingual glands. The monostomatic sublingual gland was located rostrally and joined to the monostomatic of the other side in the very narrow rostral intermandibular space. The polistomatic sublingual gland was caudally located and reached the level of the third molar and at a deeper level than the monostomatic. The studied giraffes had dorsal, ventral and intermediate bucal salivary glands. Leaving aside the differences caused by different dimensions, the mouth of the giraffe had in general a similar anatomical arrangement to the cow.

La jirafa (Giraffa camelopardalis) es a la vez el rumiante más grande que existe y un ramoneador estricto. Nosotros disecamos y describimos la anatomía macroscópica de la boca de la jirafa. En este estudio se utilizaron las cabezas de dos jirafas adultas y de un feto. Los labios estaban bien desarrollados, el superior era el predominante y estaba aplastado dorsalmente cerca de las narinas. La lengua tenía una protuberancia o Torus lingual y rostralmente a él una depresión en forma de surco o Fossa linguae. No había cuerpo adiposo de la mejilla (Corpus adiposum buccae). El paladar duro en la jirafa tenía 18 rugae palatinae. Las rugosidades finales alcanzaban el borde caudal del premolar 3. Las crestas caudales no tenían papilas. La glándula parótida era pequeña y consistía de dos lóbulos, uno rostral y otro caudal que se separaban dorsalmente para acomodar al nódulo linfático parotídeo. El conducto parotídeo seguía el mismo trayecto que en la vaca, terminando frente al segundo diente premolar superior en la papila parotídea (no evidente en la superficie de la mucosa). La glándula mandibular estaba dividida en dos lóbulos, el rostral se colocaba en el espacio intermandibular y el caudal estaba oculto por la glándula parótida. Las jirafas tenían glándulas sublinguales monostomática y polistomática. La glándula sublingual monostomática estaba localizada rostralmente y se unía a la monostomática del otro lado en el muy estrecho espacio intermandibular. La glándula sublingual polistomática estaba localizada caudalmente y alcanzaba el nivel del tercer molar en un plano más profundo que la monostomática. Las jirafas estudiadas tenían glándulas salivares bucales dorsales, ventrales e intermedias. Dejando de lado las diferencias causadas por las diferentes dimensiones, la boca de la jirafa tenía en general una disposición anatómica similar a la de la vaca.

A scanning electron microscopic study on the appendage morphology of Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) and Pacifastacus leniusculus (Daña, 1852) (Crustácea:Decapoda: Astacoidea)

This study compares the morphology of rostrum, pereipods 1,2,4 and mouthparts of juvenile Astacus leptodactylus with those oí Pacifastacus leniusculus. Differences in morphology were observed, in particular with regard to the mouthparts e.g. including setal armature and number of teeth on the mandible. In general, the shape of the rostra in the two species is similar in that both taper to a point with a pair of sharp spines distally. Laterally the rostrum of A. leptodactylus is bordered by a regular row of setae, which is not so well defined in P leniusculus. The observations also showed that in addition to an increase in size, changes in morphology in the feeding apparatus between the developmental stages of the two species were present. It was concluded that both species have similar rostra, but different setal patterns and there are differences between the two species in the armature of mouthparts as development progresses. Therefore, important differences in the morphology of mouthparts between P. leniusculus and A. leptodactylus and in the different stages of the species might cause a difference in the feeding behavior and food choice of the species.

Este estudio compara la morfología del rostro, pereiópodos 1,2,4 y piezas bucales de los Astacus leptodactylus jóvenes con los de Pacifastacus leniusculus. Se observaron las diferencias en la morfología, en particular, con respecto a las piezas bucales, por ejemplo incluyendo la armadura setal y el número de dientes en la mandíbula. En general, la forma del rostro en las dos especies es similar, tanto cónicas, como en punta, con un par de espinas distalmente. Lateralmente al rostro, A. leptodactylus está bordeada por un fila de setas, que no está tan bien definida en P leniusculus. Las observaciones también muestran que, además de un aumento en el tamaño, estaban presentes cambios en la morfología en el aparato masticatorio, entre las etapas de desarrollo de las dos especies. Se llegó a la conclusión que ambas especies tienen rostros similares, pero diferentes patrones setales y hay diferencias entre las dos especies en la armadura de piezas bucales como evolución del desarrollo. Por lo tanto, importantes diferencias en la morfología de piezas bucales entre P leniusculus y A. leptodactylus y en las distintas etapas de la especie podrían causar una diferencia en la conducta de alimentación y opciones de alimentación de la especie.

Ultrastructural study of clinically radioresponsive oral carcinoma: is it a true regression?

Thirteen patients presented with oral SCC were of clinical stages; I, II, and III, biopsied before and 6-7 weeks, after irradiation therapy, for ultra-structural examination. Post irradiated subjects, were selected to be seven, of whom complete regression of the tumour lesions were clinically proved. Post irradiation, light microscopic examination of semi-thin sections were correlated to the clinical picture, as reepithelization was almost normal, stromal fibrosis was obvious with absence of malignant cells. Utrastructural examination revealed comparable alterations in the epithelium, basal almina discontinuity and invasion of epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue stroma. These cells showed similarity to the preexisting epithelial malignant cells, on the ultrastructural level. Recovery of these cells to regain their capacity for proliferation, might be considered, as signs expecting recurrence. Presence of some inflammatory cells; mast cells, histocytes and active lymphocytes, might have a role in initiating radioresponsiveness. Mast cell might have a harmful influence, initiated by irradiation, so further study was recommended to reveal its role. From the present study it can be concluded that: 1. Clinical regression of irradiated oral SCC and its light microscopic examination were unsatisfactory measures for reporting complete curability. 2. Electron microscopy could detect minute residual invading epithelial cells which were not observed by other measures. 3. Electron microscopy, might be a valid tool in early detection of asymptomatic oral SCC whether denovo or recurrence, however a suggested easier method of exfoliative cytology, on the ultrastructural level, might be of value. 4. Irradiation therapy even for small tumour lesions of oral carcinoma, seemed to be unsatisfactory for compete treatment. Adjuvant treatment modalities, reconsiderations and close follow up of such patients were considerably needed. 5. Further study was needed to investigate clearly, the role of mast cell in radiation response of oral SCC